Drugs and Medicine Made From Plants

Long before pure chemicals were manufactured in labs, people used plants for medicine. There are over 100 active ingredients derived from plants for use as drugs and medicines. This is by no means a comprehensive list of all of the plants, names of chemicals, or uses for those chemicals, but it should serve as a useful starting point for further research. The common name of a plant is noted next to its scientific name. Common names are imprecise and often assigned to completely different plants, so use the scientific name when looking for additional information concerning a plant. List of Drugs From Plants Drug/Chemical Action Plant Source Acetyldigoxin Cardiotonic Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove) Adoniside Cardiotonic Adonis vernalis (pheasant's eye, red chamomile) Aescin Antiinflammatory Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) Aesculetin Antidysentery Frazinus rhychophylla Agrimophol Anthelmintic Agrimonia supatoria Ajmalicine Treatment for circulatory disorders Rauvolfia sepentina Allantoin Vulnerary Several plants Allyl isothiocyanate Rubefacient Brassica nigra (black mustard) Anabesine Skeletal muscle relaxant Anabasis sphylla Andrographolide Treatment for baccillary dysentery Andrographis paniculata Anisodamine Anticholinergic Anisodus tanguticus Anisodine Anticholinergic Anisodus tanguticus Arecoline Anthelmintic Areca catechu (betel nut palm) Asiaticoside Vulnerary Centella asiatica (gotu cola) Atropine Anticholinergic Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) Benzyl benzoate Scabicide Several plants Berberine Treatment for bacillary dysentery Berberis vulgaris (common barberry) Bergenin Antitussive Ardisia japonica (marlberry) Betulinic acid Anticancerous Betula alba (common birch) Borneol Antipyretic, analgesic, antiinflammatory Several plants Bromelain Antiinflammatory, proteolytic Ananas comosus (pineapple) Caffeine CNS stimulant Camellia sinensis (tea, also coffee, cocoa and other plants) Camphor Rubefacient Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree) Camptothecin Anticancerous Camptotheca acuminata (+)-Catechin Hemostatic Potentilla fragarioides Chymopapain Proteolytic, mucolytic Carica papaya (papaya) Cissampeline Skeletal muscle relaxant Cissampelos pareira (velvet leaf) Cocaine Local anaesthetic Erythroxylum coca (coca plant) Codeine Analgesic, antitussive Papaver somniferum (poppy) Colchiceine amide Antitumor agent Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus) Colchicine Antitumor, antigout Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus) Convallatoxin Cardiotonic Convallaria majalis (lily-of-the-valley) Curcumin Choleretic Curcuma longa (turmeric) Cynarin Choleretic Cynara scolymus (artichoke) Danthron Laxative Cassia species Demecolcine Antitumor agent Colchicum autumnale (autumn crocus) Deserpidine Antihypertensive, tranquilizer Rauvolfia canescens Deslanoside Cardiotonic Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove) L-Dopa Anti-parkinsonism Mucuna species (nescafe, cowage, velvetbean) Digitalin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea (purple foxglove) Digitoxin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea (purple foxglove) Digoxin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea (purple or common foxglove) Emetine Amoebicide, emetic Cephaelis ipecacuanha Ephedrine Sympathomimetic, antihistamine Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang) Etoposide Antitumor agent Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple) Galanthamine Cholinesterase inhibitor Lycoris squamigera (magic lily, resurrection lily, naked lady) Gitalin Cardiotonic Digitalis purpurea (purple or common foxglove) Glaucarubin Amoebicide Simarouba glauca (paradise tree) Glaucine Antitussive Glaucium flavum (yellow hornpoppy, horned poppy, sea poppy) Glasiovine Antidepressant Octea glaziovii Glycyrrhizin Sweetener, treatment for Addison's disease Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) Gossypol Male contraceptive Gossypium species (cotton) Hemsleyadin Treatment for bacillary dysentery Hemsleya amabilis Hesperidin Treatment for capillary fragility Citrus species (e.g., oranges) Hydrastine Hemostatic, astringent Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal) Hyoscyamine Anticholinergic Hyoscyamus niger (black henbane, stinking nightshade, henpin) Irinotecan Anticancer, antitumor agent Camptotheca acuminata Kaibic acud Ascaricide Digenea simplex (wireweed) Kawain Tranquilizer Piper methysticum (kava kava) Kheltin Bronchodilator Ammi visaga Lanatosides A, B, C Cardiotonic Digitalis lanata (Grecian foxglove, woolly foxglove) Lapachol Anticancer, antitumor Tabebuia species (trumpet tree) a-Lobeline Smoking deterrant, respiratory stimulant Lobelia inflata (Indian tobacco) Menthol Rubefacient Mentha species (mint) Methyl salicylate Rubefacient Gaultheria procumbens (wintergreen) Monocrotaline Topical antitumor agent Crotalaria sessiliflora Morphine Analgesic Papaver somniferum (poppy) Neoandrographolide Treatment of dysentery Andrographis paniculata Nicotine Insecticide Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) Nordihydroguaiaretic acid Antioxidant Larrea divaricata (creosote bush) Noscapine Antitussive Papaver somniferum (poppy) Ouabain Cardiotonic Strophanthus gratus (ouabain tree) Pachycarpine Oxytocic Sophora pschycarpa Palmatine Antipyretic, detoxicant Coptis japonica (Chinese goldenthread, goldthread, Huang-Lia) Papain Proteolytic, mucolytic Carica papaya (papaya) Papavarine Smooth muscle relaxant Papaver somniferum (opium poppy, common poppy) Phyllodulcin Sweetener Hydrangea macrophylla (bigleaf hydrangea, French hydrangea) Physostigmine Cholinesterase inhibitor Physostigma venenosum (Calabar bean) Picrotoxin Analeptic Anamirta cocculus (fish berry) Pilocarpine Parasympathomimetic Pilocarpus jaborandi (jaborandi, Indian hemp) Pinitol Expectorant Several plants (e.g., bougainvillea) Podophyllotoxin Antitumor, anticancer agent Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple) Protoveratrines A, B Antihypertensives Veratrum album (white false hellebore) Pseudoephredrine Sympathomimetic Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang) nor-pseudoephedrine Sympathomimetic Ephedra sinica (ephedra, ma huang) Quinidine Antiarrhythmic Cinchona ledgeriana (quinine tree) Quinine Antimalarial, antipyretic Cinchona ledgeriana (quinine tree) Qulsqualic acid Anthelmintic Quisqualis indica (Rangoon creeper, drunken sailor) Rescinnamine Antihypertensive, tranquilizer Rauvolfia serpentina Reserpine Antihypertensive, tranquilizer Rauvolfia serpentina Rhomitoxin Antihypertensive, tranquilizer Rhododendron molle (rhododendron) Rorifone Antitussive Rorippa indica Rotenone Piscicide, Insecticide Lonchocarpus nicou Rotundine Analagesic, sedative, traquilizer Stephania sinica Rutin Treatment for capillary fragility Citrus species (e.g., orange, grapefruit) Salicin Analgesic Salix alba (white willow) Sanguinarine Dental plaque inhibitor Sanguinaria canadensis (bloodroot) Santonin Ascaricide Artemisia maritma (wormwood) Scillarin A Cardiotonic Urginea maritima (squill) Scopolamine Sedative Datura species (e.g., Jimsonweed) Sennosides A, B Laxative Cassia species (cinnamon) Silymarin Antihepatotoxic Silybum marianum (milk thistle) Sparteine Oxytocic Cytisus scoparius (scotch broom) Stevioside Sweetener Stevia rebaudiana (stevia) Strychnine CNS stimulant Strychnos nux-vomica (poison nut tree) Taxol Antitumor agent Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew) Teniposide Antitumor agent Podophyllum peltatum (mayapple or mandrake) Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Antiemetic, decreases occular tension Cannabis sativa (marijuana) Tetrahydropalmatine Analgesic, sedative, tranquilizer Corydalis ambigua Tetrandrine Antihypertensive Stephania tetrandra Theobromine Diuretic, vasodilator Theobroma cacao (cocoa) Theophylline Diuretic, bronchodilator Theobroma cacao and others (cocoa, tea) Thymol Topical antifungal Thymus vulgaris (thyme) Topotecan Antitumor, anticancer agent Camptotheca acuminata Trichosanthin Abortifacient Trichosanthes kirilowii (snake gourd) Tubocurarine Skeletal muscle relaxant Chondodendron tomentosum (curare vine) Valapotriates Sedative Valeriana officinalis (valerian) Vasicine Cerebral stimulant Vinca minor (periwinkle) Vinblastine Antitumor, Antileukemic agent Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) Vincristine Antitumor, Antileukemic agent Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle) Yohimbine Aphrodisiac Pausinystalia yohimbe (yohimbe) Yuanhuacine Abortifacient Daphne genkwa (lilac) Yuanhuadine Abortifacient Daphne genkwa (lilac) Source Taylor, Leslie.  Plant Based Drugs and Medicines.  Square One Publishers, 2000, Garden City Park, N.Y.

The First Style Of Leadership Communication - 2265 Words

According to Hackman and Johnson, (2013) â€Å"Leadership is human (symbolic) communication that modifies the attitudes and behaviors of others to meet shared group goals and needs.† In my life I have had two careers, first I was a waitress and had a boss named Sandra’s, and the last job I was a para-educator with two different classrooms and teachers who were in charge of me. My experiences with each leader was very different based on the way each of them communicated. Leaders can have contrasting styles of leadership communication including authoritarian, democratic, and laissez-faire (Hackman, Johnson, 2013). Authoritarian The first style of leadership communication I will discuss is authoritarian. A leader that has the authoritarian approach to communication is tough when managing work tactics, and attitudes. The Authoritarian will be close by watching the employee but will have a separation between themselves and the worker. The reason they separate themselves is to show who the boss is and who the employee is. Research has found that Authoritarian communication among leaders will cause employees to feel alone and their work will become ineffective. However, studies have also found that this approach is great for getting things done or completed but the workers will feel unsatisfied and less dedicated to the job (Hackman, Johnson, 2013). My experience with a leader that had Authoritarian style communication was the job I had as a waitress. My boss Sandra’s was alwaysShow MoreRelatedTransformational Leadership And The Quality Of Lateral Communication Within Healthcare932 Words   |  4 Pages Leadership Style Leaders have a profound effect on employee performance because they shape workers’ perceptions of the working environment. Consequently, some leadership styles are more effective with meeting particular objectives. 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The leadership styles include: Directing (high directive-low supportive), Coaching (high directive-high supportive)

Teacher free essay sample

Running head: FINDING THE LEADER IN YOU Assignment 1: Finding the Leader in You: Self-Assessment / Johari Window Paper Submitted to Instructor: Dr. G. Reeley BUS520037VA016-1134-001  Leadership and Organizational Annette West Strayer University April 27, 2013 Assignment 1: Finding the Leader in You: Self-Assessment / Johari Window A Paper In order to become more informed about specific leadership styles that are commonly used in an organization, the Wiley Schermerhorn: Management Self-Assessment tool was utilized to assist in defining areas of strength. With the information provided and the assessment results obtained, there was an easy comprehensive interpretation of what the results meant. Table 1 provides the Profile of Personality Characteristics and Assessment Results. This information assists in determining how personality characteristics help shape how we lead in organizations. Table 1 Personality Characteristics| Assessment Results| 21st Century Manager| 8. 5| Transformational Leadership Transactional Leadership| 2426| Intuitive Ability| 7| Organizational Design Preference| 1=†the baseball team†2=†the club†3=†the fortress†4=†the academy†| Along with the assessment results, the Wiley Schermerhorn tool was able to provide a summarized interpretation of what the scored results represented. We will write a custom essay sample on Teacher or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to the scores from the 21st Century Manager domain, it determined that the score of 8. 5 is a good starting point as I consider where and how to further pursue the development of your management skills and competencies. My success will rest on (1) an initial awareness of the importance of these basic management foundations and (2) a willingness to trive continually to strengthen them throughout the work career. In reviewing Transformational and Transactional Leadership characteristics, the score 24 and 26, respectively, describes a leader/manager that is able to inspire its members to â€Å"buy-in† to the vision and mission of the organizational. Even though both leadership characteristics are needed and must be used in most environments, the Transactional leadership prototype appears to be the one identified to be strongest style of the two identified in my assessment. Throughout my own career choices, I believe that I’ve learned to employ this style because as a public education teacher we have always had a teacher’s union to ensure that we receive â€Å"exchanges† for our commitment to the District. Hollander (1978) states that transactional leadership is formulated on the expectation that there is an â€Å"exchange† between the whoever is in charge and those that work for that individual, meaning that those who work for the person in charge receive some form of compensation for completing required tasks. It is my desire to embrace the ability to use a Transformational style to compel individuals to go beyond the basic level of their responsibilities. (Howell amp; Frost, 1989). In my current position, I have found that employees are staying with our organization â€Å"not just because they are being paid for their work but because they have the need to supply a need to its clientele and also to feel like they are making a difference. The assessment score of 7 was obtained in the area of Intuitive Abilities. According to the interpretation summary given, it appears as if I continue to utilize â€Å"traditional analytical techniques† to make decisions (Agor, 1989). In his book titled â€Å"Intuition in Organization,† Agor (1989), states that in order to be successful in the future one must began to prepare themselves to use more intuitive skills in decision making. The scoring in this area does not surprise me coming from a classroom environment to a leadership position now where I am forced to make decisions quickly while keeping in mind how it effects the whole organization. It future goes to explain some of the struggles that I have with managing larger and older groups of individuals. The skills exist within but I must place closer attention on making sure that I work to develop those skills. According to Veiga amp; Yanouzas,  (1979), the focus on Organizational Design Preferences should be to assist in determining how decisions are made about grouping people and how to place them in the best environment so that individuals are successful. In the area of Organizational Design Preference, my score was a 71 which meant that I was more comfortable with a â€Å"mechanistic design†. References Agor, W. (1989c). Intuition in organizations: Leading and managing productively. California: Sage Publications, Inc. Hollander, E. New York: Free Press; 1978. Leadership Dynamics. Howell JM, Frost PJ. A laboratory study of charismatic leadership. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1989; 43:243–269. Veiga, JF, Yanouzas, JN. ,  The Dynamics of Organization Theory: Gaining a Macro Perspective  (St. Paul, MN: West, 1979), pp. 158-160 Appendix Submitted and Completed Self-Assessment Score Sheet .